Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing Essay Example

Task on Brand Building Nike Marketing Essay Task On Brand Building Nike Marketing Essay History Nike is a significant traded on an open market sportswear and hardware provider situated in the United States. It is the universes driving provider of athletic shoes and attire and a significant maker of athletic gear with income in abundance of $18. 6 billion USD in its monetary year 2008. It utilized in excess of 30,000 individuals around the world. The organization was established in January 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and authoritatively became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The organization takes its name from Nike the Greek goddess of triumph. Nike advertises its items under its own image just as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding and auxiliaries including Cole Haan, Hurley International, Umbro and Converse. Nike likewise claimed Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2008. Notwithstanding fabricating sportswear and gear, the organization works retail locations under the Niketown name. Nike supports numerous prominent competitors and sports groups far and wide, with the exceptionally perceived trademarks of Just do it and the Swoosh logo. By 1980, Nike had arrived at a half piece of the pie in the United States athletic shoe showcase, and the organization opened up to the world in December of that year. Its development was expected to a great extent to expression of-foot publicizing (to cite a Nike print advertisement from the late 1970s), instead of TV promotions. Nikes first national TV advertisements ran in October 1982 during the communicate of the New York Marathon. The promotions were made by Portland-based publicizing office Wieden+Kennedy, which had shaped a while before in April 1982. We will compose a custom exposition test on Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have made many print and TV promotions and the organization keeps on being Nikes essential today. It was office fellow benefactor Dan Wieden who authored the now-acclaimed trademark Just Do It for a 1988 Nike advertisement crusade, which was picked by Advertising Age as one of the best five promotion mottos of the twentieth century, and the battle has been revered in the Smithsonian Institution. San Franciscan Walt Stack was highlighted in Nikes first Just Do It commercial that appeared on July 1, 1988. Wieden credits the motivation for the trademark to Let’s do it, the final words expressed by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. All through the 1980s, Nike extended its product offering to incorporate numerous different games and districts all through the world. What does the brand depend on? Nike represents VICTORY. In Greek folklore, Nike was a goddess who exemplified triumph. She accepted the job of the heavenly charioteer when Zeus was amassing partners for the Titan War; she flew around front lines remunerating the victors with brilliance and notoriety. Furthermore, the entire brand has been work around it, to pass on one and only message, the one of the Victory, with a major V. While Nike fired up its business selling shoes, it sensibly hit the tipping moment that the solid and clingy message which has coordinates sway on people subliminal worn by top competitors and sprinters. The Nike logo  «Ã¢ swooshâ â » was not just evolved from the wing of the Greek Goddess Nike, it was likewise evolved to affect again the subliminal of the customer too. How? Nike logo has the state of a tick, and through life and training we get some automatism with tick which means right and the cross which means wrong. Nike,  «Ã‚ Just Do Itâ â » happens to be the stickiest slogan ever. It prevails upon the hearts of hundred of a great many Nike fans, mentally, subliminally, vaguely, lethal. So the Nike brand represents triumph, and all the more accurately: Competency: as we used to cite the Nike fellow benefactor Bill Bower mane who mentioned this objective fact  «Ã‚ If you have a body, you are a competitor. Superior : Nike advances its items by sponsorship concurrences with VIP competitor, proficient and athletic groups, they support Cricket in India a Football in France for instance, the most well known games > they center just around victors Achievement : the message is quite clear when you see champion in Olympics wearing Nike > its simply like the Nike tennis shoes carried the person in question to accomplishment on account of the soul of the Victory Godess of Greek Never state Die disposition : the statement of purpose of Nike that the 30 000 representatives across 6 landmasses make their own commitment to satisfy is > to carry motivation and development to each competitor on the planet Nike’s changing Logo The Nike Swoosh exemplifies the soul of the winged goddess, which the legend says enlivened the most gallant and valiant warriors at the beginning of human advancement. The principal shoe to wear the swoosh logo was propelled in 1972. In 2006, Nike has likewise tested in its promotions by expelling the woosh by and large Nike written in another text style, and this the old swoosh was restrained a piece. Nike Logo history Products by Nike delivers a wide scope of athletic gear. Their first items were track running shoes. They presently likewise make shoes, pullovers, shorts, baselayers and so on for a wide scope of sports including track field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, Association football, lacr osse, b-ball and cricket. Nike Air Max is a line of shoes originally discharged by Nike, Inc. in 1987. The latest augmentations to their line are the Nike 6. 0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, intended for skateboarding. Nike has as of late presented cricket shoes, called Air Zoom Yorker, intended to be 30% lighter than their rivals. In 2008, Nike presented the Air Jordan XX3, an elite b-ball shoe structured in light of the earth. Nike sells an arrangement of items, including shoes and attire for sports exercises for men, ladies, and kids. Nike is notable and well known in youth culture, chav culture and hip bounce culture as they gracefully urban style attire. Nike as of late collaborated with Apple Inc. to deliver the Nike+ item which screens a sprinters execution by means of a radio gadget in the shoe which connects to the iPod nano. While the item creates valuable insights, it has been censured by specialists who had the option to distinguish clients RFID gadgets from 18 m away utilizing little, concealable knowledge bits in a remote sensor organize. Brand character Nike has marked out a slick, superior, creative situation as opposed to its rivals. It passes on the thoughts of triumph, puissance, sport demeanor and manliness. Every one of these components are accentuated by well known and fruitful sportive support. With Just do it Nike has guaranteed its crowd that the organization is focused on the serious soul. Nike suggests that it will assist individuals with feeling engaged, effective and best prepared to handle the difficulties of games. The organization utilizes shades of dim and blue, which gives the brand an easygoing, unassuming inclination. Nike’s acclaimed swoosh makes sentiments of development and speed. Nike, the brand name itself, was once better referred to in Greek folklore as the goddess of triumph. Every one of these things and more give Nike its image character. How Does Nike keep up/impart it’s proposed brand picture We will focus on the promoting methodology of Nike by examining it’s 7 P model. Likewise, in the model itself we will consider the incorporated advertising correspondence embraced by Nike to improve brand value. Item Nike essentially focuses on sportswear. The fundamental item classifications sold under Nike brand name include:http://display. clickthecity. com/collections/userpics/10006/pic56012. jpg Sports Footwear http://norcalsaversnest. com/wordpress/wp-content/transfers/2010/03/cole-haan-coupons-limits. jpg Apparels Packs (Handbags and bagpacks) Sports adornments Sports gear at the end of the day, all item classifications sold under the Nike brand name are legitimately or in a roundabout way identified with sports and physicality which thusly is the center brand picture/personality of Nike. Other Nike Brands incorporate Cole Haan which is into easygoing footwear dresses, Nike Team Sports which sells headgear Bauer Nike Hockey Inc. which has practical experience in hockey and skating gear. Henceforth, Nike sells disconnected classes under other brand names in this manner forestalling disarray in the brains of the shopper Tune Your Run: The ongoing endeavor among Apple and Nike incorporates your iPod and running shoes. The fundamental advancement is that your speed separation information can be recorded in your iPod and afterward synchronized with your PC to keep a tab on your advancement Nike has consistently strived for development which inturn appears in their item innovative work. Key organizations and unions with the most inventive accomplices guarantee Nike is the worldwide pioneer with regards to sportswear developments. A portion of the celebrated advancements include: 2. Place of Hoops : Partnership with Footlocker to advance the ball line of Nike productshttp://blog. luon. com/open/Nike. JPG 3. Mass customization: Use of adaptable PC helped fabricating frameworks to deliver exceptionally yield. Those frameworks join the low unit costs ofâ mass productionâ processes with the adaptability of individualâ customization. Value Nike’s evaluating is intended to be serious to the next style shoe retailers. The evaluating depends based on premium fragment as target clients. Nike as a brand orders high premiums. Nike’s estimating methodology utilizes vertical coordination in valuing wherein they own members at contrasting channel levels or partake in more than one channel level activities. This can control costs and

Panopticism he states that the development of discipline Essay Example for Free

Panopticism he expresses that the advancement of order Essay In Michel Foucaults (1975) portion, Panopticism he expresses that the advancement of order in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years originated from he rise of jail as the type of discipline for each wrongdoing. During these occasions the significant wrongdoings submitted were from the French Revolution and the significant uproars and common distress in the French society. In these detainment facilities the Panopticon places the prisoners in an alternate state wherein every one is there own different person. Foucault expresses that the significant impact of these Panopticon are that they â€Å"induce the prisoner in a condition of cognizant and changeless perceivability that guarantees the programmed working of intensity. † †Such a structure permits people to be seen and confines their capacity to speak with the security, the superintendent, or different detainees. For this situation, swarms are nonexistent and every individual is bound to their cell where they can be seen by the watcher. He expresses this new type of discipline lead to the advancement of a totally different sort of singularity for bodies. The brightness of this jail is that the Panopticon powers visual impairment onto the detainee where the individual in question is rarely certain if someone’s viewing or not, instigating an innocuous type of distrustfulness, keeping individuals set up. At the point when an individual is blamed for a wrongdoing, society finds upon itself the obligation of rebuffing that person. The topic of ethical quality, in any case, is finding the ideal discipline in remuneration of the wrongdoing that was submitted. With the Panopticon, as opposed to separating them truly by utilizing torments like the thumbscrew or whips, detainees can be separated intellectually, which permits the reproduction of their mindset. This whole hypothesis is compelling because of the normal want that individuals by and large need to fit in with society’s pressures. All things considered, it is imbued in the common being of people to realize that so as to endure, everybody needs a spot in the public arena whether it is as the agent or as a joker. The dread of complete deserting from this organization permits the framework to work appropriately. Next, the Panopticon is basic to society in its capacity to give a detainee the possibility of making up for oneself to turn into a vital piece of society once more. Rather than seeing retribution on the detainees, this framework permits them to be changed through a power of propensity. As detainees become accustomed to the possibility that they’re being viewed consistently with or without their insight, they modify their conduct to fulfill society’s guidelines and standards. In this way, with a solid feeling of distrustfulness, when the detainee comes out of the Panopticon, the individual in question will reevaluate any choices of disrupting the guidelines. When the individual experiences that period of the Panopticon detainment, the person in question is set for an ordinary life in reality with human association. Also, with the Panopticon, power isn’t unified in the hands of the superintendent or jail watches. The minor idea of being kept an eye on makes others show typical conduct, one that they need to depict to society. The genuine discipline that the detainee experiences is one inside their own brain where because of neurosis, the individual gets down to business to meet the guidelines of society in what is correct instead of wrong. For this situation, nobody has control over another and even the measure of watchmen can be decreased; the detainee can't differentiate with respect to who is viewing or what number of individuals are viewing. Force isn’t given to individuals yet is inside the design of the Panopticon. There will be not any more horrendous beatings of detainees and no more corruption of them. At long last, they’re like every other person, another regular individual in today’s world. Panopticism makes self-control constrained into play through one’s own attitude of suspicion and dread, permitting crooks to be separated intellectually rather than truly, to vindicate themselves as a piece of society once more, and to permit capacity to not be unified in the hands of the superintendent or jail monitors. It’s a successful framework as well as proficient in the manner that those isolated from society may at present can mix back in the wake of experiencing this kind of detainment. Thus, the idea of a Panopticon would unquestionably be better than the norm where discipline is utilized and individuals are bolted away in a correctional facility without allowed to demonstrate that they’re transformed. Any pitiless and abnormal disciplines that may happen are canceled lastly, for the individuals who have committed an error or two, recovery is at last conceivable.

Marriage Essay Introduction Essay

As indicated by individuals, a family should comprise of guardians and kids living respectively. This doesn't just apply to youngsters from a typical precursor yet in addition the individuals who are received. Since 1960 there have been a ton of changes that has influenced the genuine legitimate intensity of the family. There has been self-definition because of respective salary in relationships. It has prompted separation and kids being raised by a solitary parent-family that makes them experience enthusiastic disturbance and absence of family care. Ladies have become money related free prompting pressure in relationships (Wilcox, 2009). The presentation of the new law of non-issue separate by American country has disposed of the requirement for couples to distinguish their wrongs in relationships (Wilcox, 2009). It has gutted marriage its capacity to tie a couple. These progressions have prompted a high pace of separation. At present, the statics of relationships have diminished wi th the present investigations demonstrating that in 1960s over 68% of grown-ups matured 23 years were hitched while today under 23% of a similar age are not hitched (Pewsocialtrends.org, 2010). The marriage has additionally moved from hetero to same-sex marriage in most American social orders. Because of this there has been separation and migration of individuals since one feels can get to that marriage there. It has additionally added to Children being raised by temporary parents on the grounds that their natural guardians are gay. In a circumstance of separation, the two guardians are offered chance to battle for the care of their youngsters in America. To settle this, the administration advocates are making contentions to stop separate (Cheryl 2011).They urge pained couples to give work a shot things first since petitioning for legal separation is costly. The administration is likewise concocting laws that guarantee separate from balances or the gatherings in the marriage.

Existential Models of Love in A Dolls House and The Seducer’s Diary - Literature Essay Samples

According to Soren Kierkegaard, there are three categorizations of people based on their motive and actions: the aesthetic, the ethical, and the religious. In The Seducer’s Diary, Kierkegaard presents the character of Johannes as a typical aesthete who centers his life on the single-minded pursuit of personal pleasure. The story follows his romantic pursuit of Cordelia, the latest in a long list of young women he has conquered and abandoned. In contrast, Henrik Ibsen’s character of Torvald Helmer in A Doll’s House seems to be Johannes’ opposite in his motivations, in his approach to relationships with women, and in what he thinks the purpose of such relationships is. Whereas Johannes is obsessed with the gratification of his personal desires at the expense of society, Torvald derives gratification from conforming to societal standards to the greatest extent possible, even at the expense of personal relationships. Torvald’s ethical urge to live up to society’s standards prompts his concern for his reputation and his desire for the admiration of others, and contributes to his belief that Nora should serve to promote his social standing. Torvald’s extreme sensitivity to others’ perceptions of him can be seen as his motivation for the treatment of those around him. For example, Torvald admits that Krogstad’s tainted past is not a serious issue, and that his hard work is a boon to the bank, but desires to fire the man because of personal vanity. It is the possibility of Torvald’s previous association with Krogstad being revealed that makes the man’s employment â€Å"unbearable† and â€Å"excruciating† for Torvald, as Torvald now views as his former friend as beneath him. Torvald clearly places his colleagues’ perception of him above what it seems should be more important to a future manager: a diligent labor force that will benefit the bank. Torvald refuses to even ack nowledge Nora’s arguments on Krogstad’s behalf, indignantly saying, â€Å"What if it was rumored around now that the new bank manager was vetoed by his wife?† and then concluding, â€Å"We’ll put a stop to this for good,† seeming to refer to both the issue of Krogstad’s employment and Nora’s lack of support for his decisions. In doing so, Torvald reprimands Nora’s impertinence in questioning him, and demonstrates his assuredness in his own judgment and his doubt in Nora’s, thereby cementing his status as the ultimate decision-maker in the household. Obviously, there is no hesitation on Torvald’s part to deprive a man of employment and belittle his wife’s opinions. Developed for the purposes of display, Nora’s beauty is viewed by her husband as her most significant attribute. In fact, through his small rules and insistences, it can be seen that he values his wife’s potential to make a captivat ing exhibition and boost his status in the eyes of others more than the degree of her actual enjoyment in participating in such an act. Macaroons, for example, are â€Å"forbidden† an act of maintenance because they will â€Å"ruin [Nora’s] teeth,† though she loves them. Parties Nora performs at must be exited early as to not â€Å"spoil the effect† of her performance and satisfy Torvald’s physical needs, though Nora begs to stay longer. In these acts, Torvald takes on an air of maintaining and developing an investment in a very precise, calculated manner. After watching Nora dance the tarantella, Torvald critiques her performance as â€Å"too naturalistic,† showing that he requires even the recreational activities in his life to strictly follow the guidelines of propriety. Torvald seems to value his project for its â€Å"overwhelming success† as evidenced by â€Å"a tumultuous hand,† more than the teaching process, even qu estioning if their rehearsals were time â€Å"well-spent.† Interactions between Nora and Torvald are characterized by his attempts to refine her abilities as a prestige symbol. Therefore, it can be seen that Torvald is willing to sacrifice much and devote much energy to maintaining and advancing his reputation, which he feels relies on his close adherence to ethical standards society sets for him. The pleasure Johannes obtains is intellectually derived from observing the psychological effects of his calculated emotional manipulation of young women. In his seductions, Johannes exhibits the aesthetic quality of flouting societal norms for the sake of a sensually fulfilling experience. His devotion to seeking and mastering beauty consumes his entire identity. He states, â€Å"I ascertain how [love] has taken shape in her, and I fashion myself in its likeness,† showing his personality to be fluid and to exist precisely to facilitate his conquests. Enjoying the practice o f art on life, Johannes’ engineering of emotional, physical, and psychological â€Å"absolute surrender† from a woman are obviously outside what is condoned by the social order. Johannes has no intention of making any commitment to the women and considers â€Å"[receding] from [a girl’s being] is a masterpiece† because he alters their lives forever. This additionally allows him to ascertain the emotional authenticity of surrender. Johannes is thus honest with himself about his purely selfish aesthetic intentions, in contrast to Torvald, who forces or imagines the compliance of others when it is not forthcoming, as in the case of Krogstad’s dismissal. Johannes is able to do this because he focuses less on outward appearance, which only titillates him briefly in the beginning of an affair, and more on controlling and molding the time he spends with Cordelia, paying special attention to the emotions his words and actions prompt in her. He finds Cor delia attractive for her purity and the lack of â€Å"interestingness† due to living a paradoxically sheltered life in which she is â€Å"granted freedom but†¦no opportunities [are] offered to her.† With a woman as full of unfulfilled potential such as her, Johannes enjoys the process in which he makes her â€Å"interesting† by imprinting himself on her psyche, bringing about her sexual awakening, and then abandoning her once he has become entrenched as part of her identity. Johannes states that â€Å"in art, the most interesting always reflects the artist,† and succeeds in this by remaining a powerful part of Cordelia’s life. When â€Å"the memory [of Johannes] awakens in her soul, she forgets the fault and the guilt, she remembers the beautiful moments.† This ultimately marks the triumph of Johannes’ skill a seducer, artist, and aesthete over Torvald’s treatment of Nora in accordance to bourgeois standards and his ow n ego, because after both men betray the women they love, Cordelia still longs for Johannes because the significance of their time together is the difference between her relationship and Nora’s.Johannes has a greater sense of self awareness than Torvald in that he recognizes the distinction between the possible paths his life could take, and devotes himself entirely to the aesthetic. He even mocks society’s stance, saying he himself is above reproach because he has â€Å"never†¦given a girl a promise of marriage† out of his â€Å"respect for the ethical.† Johannes ridicules the conventions that Torvald so painstakingly follows as hollow. The importance society places on vows and responsibility in a relationship, is rendered useless and unnecessary in obtaining intimacy with a young woman if one is skillful enough to appeal to her emotionally. Though the aesthetic person’s ultimate goal is to escape the boring and create interesting situations (and in Johannes’ case, interesting people), Johannes is not above acting boring as yet another manifestation of his emotional manipulation. Paradoxically to derives aesthetic pleasure, Johannes must pretend to be ethical when he sets up Edvard and Cordelia’s courtship. Johannes employs dissimulative behavior to render subtle impressions in carrying on an exceedingly mundane conversation on agriculture and bookbinding with Cordelia’s aunt to â€Å"produce the most unpleasant contrast to Edvard’s uncertainty.† Johannes’ action is not ethical in that it is an essential step in his seduction of Cordelia- her exposure to men weaker than Johannes, therefore rendering Johannes more desirable. Like his aesthetic engagements, Johannes’ discussions, though having the appearance of conventionality to the point of dreariness, they actually mocks the ethical as unimaginative. He feigns enthusiasm butter as the â€Å"glorious result of nature an d art† to highlight the exalting of ordinary ideas by ethicists. Johannes assumes this ethical role so well however, it seems that Cordelia’s aunt is â€Å"bewitched.† Johannes is an extreme aesthete, but is not so immersed in his chosen viewpoint that he cannot understand how society expects him to act, and to assume this role when his art requires.Torvald, in turn, also is capable of displaying aesthetic qualities, both in line with what society expects of him and against it. Torvald’s method of examination of Nora’s beauty involves an interior fantasy that is reminiscent of Johannes’ aesthetic reflections. Torvald imagines he is seeing Nora for almost the first time by, â€Å"[speaking] so little to [her], [keeping] away from [her], and only [sending] a stolen glance in [her] direction now and then† as part he acts his own fantasy they are recently acquainted and â€Å"no one suspects there is anything between [them].† In doing so he can supposedly freshly appreciate Nora’s beauty each time and feel the excitement and mystery of a blossoming relationship. That Nora derives satisfaction from this examination, is a given for him, but a delusion in reality. Torvald’s rejoinder of, â€Å"You won’t? Am I not your husband?† to her refusal of his romantic advances marks him as the type of seducer Johannes disdains to be. Johannes has similar tactics to keep young ladies enticed by a â€Å"clandestine manner,† saying â€Å"only when no alien suspects our love, only then does it have meaning.† Therefore, Torvald wrongly imagines Nora is in a state of complete compliance, only to be met with refusal, while Johannes manipulates those he pursues to actually achieve such a state. Johannes, pursues this same excitement of mystery and conquest, but it in its actual form, not an imagined one. Being an aesthetic constitutes in part, of having no regard for responsibilit ies beyond those required to gratify oneself. Torvald certainly abandons his conventional responsibilities as a husband when Nora’s forgery is discovered. In stating, â€Å"When I’m gone from this world, you’ll be free,† Nora may be talking about exiting Torvald’s life or even committing suicide. However, Torvald does not assume his usual socially acceptable role a protector and father-like figure to his wife in response, but brusquely makes light of the statement. Torvald asks Nora, â€Å"what good [your absence] would ever do to me?† implying the only significance of Nora’s wellbeing to Torvald is how it impacts him (Ibsen 106). While the well-being of a man was considered of greater importance than the wellbeing of a woman during this time period, Torvald is excessive in his selfishness. He is no longer acting on a purely ethical impulse as this question would most likely not have reflected well on Torvald’s character had he posed it in the public. Even in private conversations, Torvald usually holds himself to patronizing declarations of care towards his wife, previously proclaiming,† I’ve wished you were in some terrible danger, just so I could stake my life and soul and everything, for your sake† (104). Ironically, now that Torvald finds himself in this position, he does not act in the socially acceptable and chivalrous way he previously promised. Much less than risking his soul for Nora’s sake, Torvald can’t even bring himself to risk his reputation. The fact that such a grand sentiment was expressed in private shows that Torvald’s ethical behavior is not just reserved for settings with onlookers. It confirms Torvald’s break with acceptable behavior in favor of an exclusive concern for his own needs is as extreme as that of any devotee of aestheticism. Though Torvald is inclined to base his actions on ethical principals, and Johannes on the pursuit of aesthetic rewards, neither fit exactly in these categories. Both can dip into the opposite category, Torvald when he feels threatened and Johannes when it is necessary for his ultimate quest pleasure. Thus, the different methods of living outlined by Kierkegaard are not so universal as to encompass and perfectly describe every aspect and tendency of every character. Though Ibsen was a supporter of Kierkegaard’s work, it is uncertain if Ibsen specifically had in mind the philosophical definition of the ethical while creating the character of Torvald. However, keeping these groupings in mind while examining the interaction of these characters with their environment is useful in understanding their motivations.

Responsible For Bipolar Disorder ( Sarris ) Essay

responsible for Bipolar Disorder (Sarris, Lake, Hoenders, 2011. Pp. 886-888). When done therapeutically, acupuncture reduces mood elevations and depression, thus making it a great alternative in Bipolar I Disorder. This treatment’s advantage is that it does not have interactions with medications, foods, or herbals. Furthermore, the patient is not at risk for developing toxic levels, since acupuncture is an external component. However, since the needling does break through the skin, it can be inferred that the patient may develop infection if proper technique is not used. As a nurse providing care to a client with Bipolar I Disorder, it is important to address the pros and cons of taking herbal medicines. A nurse should not recommend that a patient begin an herbal therapy. Instead, it is the nurse’s responsibility to refer the patient to a credible Complementary and Alternative Medicine Professional. These professionals are employed under accredited organizations and of ten have additional training or knowledge concerning such therapies. Furthermore, the nurse should inform the client of the importance of biological treatments in conjunction with complimentary treatment. While some may opt for one or the other, combinations prove to be more beneficial. Traditional Western Medicine Lastly, Traditional Western Medicine makes up much of the medical care in the western world. Traditional medicine has a more standardized way of diagnosing Bipolar Disorders compared to other

Effect of Rising Oil Prices on Trade Balance of Pakistan free essay sample

An increase in oil prices result in increased oil imports bill because its demand is inelastic which leads to inflation, increase budget deficit and puts downward pressure on exchange rate which makes imports more expensive increases the industry production cost which affect its competitiveness in international markets. INTRODUCTION: With the advent of industrialization in the last century the use of petroleum products as the main energy input for all the industries, international crude oil prices has become the key indicator of economic activity. Although other forms of energy (hydro, natural gas, coal etc) are also in use in Pakistan but still imported oil energy covers a major portion. So therefore any change in international crude oil prices cause to affect all the sectors of the Pakistan economy including the welfare of the society. WTI and Brent are considered the key benchmark for international crude oil prices. Since 2001 oil prices are showing an upward trend reached all time high level in July 2008 to the value of 8 per barrel. Before we consider the effect of rising fuel prices on Pakistan trade balance, an important much related issue is that all the transaction in world crude oil markets are conducted in US dollars foreign exchange reserves of Pakistan which are used to finance international transactions like other imports, debt repayments etc are also kept in US dollars. Hence an increase in oil import bill tends to put considerable influence on the market value of Rupee in the currency market in case of any imbalance in current account. Pakistan also produces oil domestically but its production is much less than its local demand so therefore Pakistan needs to import oil from other countries. Historical data shows that an increase in international crude oil prices has an adverse impact on our current account balance simultaneously affects our exports by increasing the domestic cost of production. The net result is widening of trade deficit, higher inflation depletion of valuable foreign exchange reserves which are vital for the stable rupee exchange rate. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: In this section we will review the articles and research work related to our topic. Joao Ricardo (2009) analyzes the impacts of oil prices with reference to china’s exports. The result of his study suggests a stable long run association between oil prices export earning incase of china. He used the quarterly data for the period of 1975 to 2002 in his study find out a negative relationship between coefficient of export earning oil prices volatility. Hamilton is the pioneer towards the oil prices issue on economy. He carried out a number of studies related to oil prices . His studies shows that there is significant relationship among oil prices volatility, economic growth development inflation in industrial countries. Suleiman d. Mohammad (2009) analyzes the impact of oil prices volatility export earning with reference to Pakistan . His study suggest a significant correlation among export earning oil prices. He used the annual data for the period of 1975 2008. Salim (2007) reviewed that the government reviews fuel prices every two weeks, but despite increasing in global oil prices, fuel prices were not heighten in the country during the last 19 months to save the public from additional financial burden. According to caretaker Finance Minister Dr. Salman Shah, the fuel prices adjustment will not be done in one go. We will be increasing prices gradually. He said the fuel prices were being adjusted according to budgetary targets. â€Å"We have to keep in mind many things our targets, the state of the economy and the inflationary impact†. Reigner (2007) study focuses on commodity prices for the period of 1945 to2005 in case of United States he find out that the 91% of prices of goods sold in U. S were affected by oil prices. ANALYSIS: From 1989 Pakistan trade deficit is showing a rising trend but at a very slower rate. It showed improving trend for only a short period of time i. e. between the years 1999- 2003. After that Pakistan trade deficit increased at a very high annual rate reached 20 billion us dollars in 2008. After 2008 Pakistan trade balance has shown improving trend mainly due to global recession lower oil prices. [pic] EFFECT ON TOTAL IMPORTS: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09 shows that current population of Pakistan is 170 million and 6th largest populated country of the world on the other hand Pakistan is the lowest consumer of the energy (around 0. 50 TOE/capita). Due to the shortage of energy Pakistan depends upon imported energy resources. [pic] PAKISTAN TOTAL EXPORTS IMPORTS OIL IMPORTS: | | | | |us million $ | |YEAR |EXPORTS |IMPORTS |DEFICIT |oil imports |% of imports | |1985 |2491 |$5,906 |-3415 |$1,086 |18% | |1986 |3070 |$5,634 |-2564 |$921 |16% | |1987 |3686 |$5,380 |-1694 |$935 |17% | |1988 |4455 |$6,391 |-1936 |$1,020 |16% | |1989 |4661 |$7,034 |-2373 |$1,279 |18% | |1990 |4954 |$6,935 |-1981 |$1,522 |22% | |1991 |6131 |$7,619 |-1488 |$1,516 |20% | |1992 |6904 |$9,252 |-2348 |$1,377 |15% | |1993 |6813 |$9,941 |-3128 |$1,578 |16% | |1994 |6803 |$8,564 |-1761 |$1,450 |17% | |1995 |8137 |$10,394 |-2257 |$1,722 |17% | |1996 |8707 |$11,805 |-3098 |$2,010 |17% | |1997 |8320 |$11,894 |-3574 |$2,246 |19% | |1998 |8628 |$10,118 |-1490 |$1,750 |17% | |1999 |7779 |$9,432 |-1653 |$1,485 16% | |2000 |8569 |$10,309 |-1740 |$2,783 |27% | |2001 |9202 |$10,729 |-1527 |$3,327 |31% | |2002 |9135 |$10,340 |-1205 |$2,664 |26% | |2003 |11160 |$12,220 |-1060 |$3,098 |25% | |2004 |12313 |$15,592 |-3279 |$2,264 |15% | |2005 |14391 |$20,598 |-6207 |$3,550 |17% | |2006 |16451 |$28,581 |-12130 |$5,956 |21% | |2007 |16976 |$30,540 |-13564 |$7,346 |24% | |2008 |19052 |$39,966 |-20914 |$10,496 |26% | |2009 |17688 |$34,822 |-17134 |$10,032 |29% | |2010 |19290 |$34,710 |-15420 |$10,463 |30% | As we can see from the data oil imports graph that our trade deficit between the year 1985-2002 was stagnant around 6 to 8 us billion US$ due to stable international oil prices Our import bill was also just around 1-2 billion dollars . The upward trend of oil prices from 2001 contribut ed greatly to our rising trade deficit. In past its shared only 15-18% of our total imports but in 2010 it covers 30 % of our total imports. Our oil import bill reached record level of 10 billion $ in 2008 due to very high international oil prices. EXPORT EARNING: Although there are many other factors that affect our exports that include political stability, law order situation, governance, economic policy etc but rising oil prices that leads to domestic inflation is also a major factor in it. Power transport prices play an important role in determining the prices of all the industrial sector output. They represent approximately 30% of the cost in the cost of making any industrial commodity. So when transport power prices increases, industry profit margin decreases they have no option except to increase the final good prices, which adversely affect their market competitiveness. As we can see from the pie chart below that our power transport sectors are dependent upon oil which directly affects their prices when the international oil prices increases. In the year 2009-10 transport power sectors were the major consumer of imported oil. These two sectors combindly consumed around 92% of oil imports. While all the other sectors combined consumption was just around 8% of the total oil consumption. When fuel prices rise, commodities and other goods inside the Pakistan become more expensive. With higher fuel prices, it becomes more expensive to manufacture and transport goods. The increase in costs to produce and transport the goods must be factored into a higher price for the products. Pakistan sales of the products affected and particularly volume of Pakistani exports may decline as a result of the higher prices that manufacturer must now charge for their goods. [pic] [pic] Last 10 years CPI data of energy power prices shows a drastic increase in their prices. Their prices have more than double in this period. Despite this drastic price increase, oil consumption has not reduced accordingly. The reason for this is that demand for oil is inelastic in the short term due to absence of substitute fuel. To help explain this inelastic demand, consider the following: Truckers are still expected to haul, and commuters must continue to commute. If fuel prices go up, our economy doesn’t just stop. People still have to go to work. The result of an inelastic demand for Oil is that people will continue to buy and pay more for the fuel (because they have no Immediate alternatives), but will change their spending behavior elsewhere because of their fixed amount of income. Now we are analyzing the empirical effect of oil prices on Pakistan exports with help of an econometric model. Model Log Export earning = ? 1+ ? 2log GDP + ? 3 log M2 + ? 4 log GINI + ? 5 oil price + ? 6 log BOT + e The above model shows that the export earning is dependent variables and GDP, M2, GINI, oil prices are independent variables. Hence GDP stands for Gross domestic product, M2 is a monetary aggregate and GINI is a coefficient which measures the living standard and allocation of wealth in an economy. BOT shows the balance of trade (Export-Import). All the variables are taken in natural log form which shows the elasticity and the percentage change in independent variables causes how much changes take place in dependent variables. |   |log GDP |log GINI |log BOT |log M2 |log Oil prices | |Coefficient |0. 4587 |5878 |1. 2124 |0. 7824 |-1. 5987 | |t values |2. 125 |3. 214 |4. 2567 |2. 1458 |5. 2133 | The result of model shows that there is long run association among the variables. Coefficient of GDP is significant and positive sign shows that as GDP increases then output level increases and cause to increase in export earning but coefficient is in elastic in sense that as 1 percent increa se in GDP Cause only 0. 45 percent increase in export earning. The coefficient of BOT (balance of trade) is also positive sign and significant as our balance of trade improve it may positively affect on export earning of Pakistan. The coefficient of GINI is used to analysis the affects of export earning at living standard of the society. It is also significant and positive shows that 1 percent increase in GINI coefficient cause to increase in 0. 59 percent increase in export earning. The sign of M2 is also positive and significant as M2 increases interest rate declines cause real depreciation of local currency and increase in export and reduce the import and positive affects on export earning of Pakistan. Finally the coefficient of oil price is negative and significant the coefficient of oil price shows highly elastic 1 percent increase in oil price may cause to 1. percent reduce in export earning which is a suggestion for policy makers if they continue to import crude oil and no substitution is found locally then it may adversely affect Pakista n economy in future Conclusion: In this paper we have studied the effects of rising oil prices on Pakistan trade balance. Although Pakistan is heavily relying on domestic natural gas resources but still oil contribute 32% to our energy needs oil imports covers 30% of our total imports. We also conclude that oil prices have negative relationship with the export earning of Pakistan it may adversely affect our exports growth rate. To ensure the sustained improvement in Pakistan trade balance Pakistan needs to further diversify its energy mix. So that Pakistan can end its dependence on imported energy. Our dependence on imported oil needs policy maker’s immediate attention because it is drastically affecting our economic growth trade balance. This dependence on oil can be reversed or at least minimized in just 1-2 years if we only had proper leadership in parliament senate. If the Parliament had taken steps to make national energy transport policy to use only domestic resources, then there would have been no such problems that Pakistan economy is facing today. Recommendations: Short term: Pakistan dependence on imported energy can not be eliminated in few months but with proper policy making in few years it can be achieved. Firstly our parliament should make a policy of energy independence, i. e. reliance on our domestic resources only for all the energy needs. God has given the Pakistan 6th largest coal reserves in sindh. They were discovered in 1991 but even after 20 years we are not able to use them. All over the world coal is used for electricity generation to get cheap energy. Like them Pakistan can also use coal for electricity generation by converting its thermal power plants from furnace oil gas to coal in short run. For transportation a new policy making is also necessary because it is mostly provided by private sector for long short routes both they are relying heavily on oil gas. All over the world railway plays a major role in land transportation because it’s cheap fast. Electric railway engines are used to further reduce the cost of transportation oil dependence. But Pakistan railway today has a very small share in cargo transportation because of bad governance road transport mafia. Under new Policy best management should be placed in railways the policy should be made that all the cargo for long distances would be transported only by Pakistan railways. These two policy action if taken will dramatically reduce our dependence on oil in short run. Lastly taxation policy on petroleum products should also be reviewed which is contributing to high inflation rate in the Pakistan. Long term : Use of fossil fuel will continue to satisfy majority of Pakistan energy needs in the next decade also but they pose a number of problems one is the concern over the public health and environmental effects of fossil fuel–based energy production and its use. In particular, the emission of many common air pollutants that are created by the combustion of fossil fuels increases the risk of premature mortality and numerous acute and chronic health conditions. Additionally, these emissions damage ecosystems, impair visibility, and have a substantial impact on water and soil quality. Secondly their supply is fixed after few decades they get deplete. Use of Renewable Energy Resources There are many alternatives to fossil fuels available for meeting our energy needs in the electricity, transportation, and other sectors. Electricity may be generated using renewable sources (such as wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower) or nuclear power. In the transportation sector, solutions range from finding new fuels for traditionally gas-powered vehicles to those that run on electricity or hydrogen. Renewable sources of energy such as wind, solar, and geothermal power are desirable for generating electricity because, despite their high initial fixed costs, they are domestic sources of power with no fuel costs or emissions except those involved in building the infrastructure required to generate the power. Biomass-fired electricity, which is derived from sources such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels, is also a renewable source. References: Pakistan Energy Yearbook,† Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan †¢ International Energy Agency (sep 2010) Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Ec †¢ Ishrat Hussain, (2008)Pakistan Exports competitiveness in Global †¢ Ishaque, Fozia (2008), â€Å"Oil Prices Hike; Pakistan Facing the Music† Pakistan and Gulf Economist, Dec3-9, 2007. †¢ www. finance. gov. pk – for data on Pakistan trade balance energy transport sector †¢ www. mpnr. gov. pk for data on petroleum products. †¢ www. imf. org for international oil prices data †¢ Economic survey of Pakistan 2009-10 †¢ Khan, Mehmood-ul-Hassan (2008) Negative Aspects of Macro-economy. Business Finance Review, the News, Monday February 4, 2008. Power, 46. 1% 46. 3% Transport, Other govt. 1. 7% Domestic, 0. 5% 0. 3% Agriculture, Industrial, 5. 1% Oil Consumption by sector (2010)

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Samples - Learn the Essentials of Writing Consistent, Strong Arguments

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